What Is a Sonnet - Overview and Characteristics

A sonnet is a one-stanza, 14-line poem, written in  iambic pentameter. The sonnet, which derived from the Italian  word  sonetto, meaning â€Å"a little sound or song, is a popular classical form that has compelled poets for centuries, says  Poets.org. The most common—and simplest—type is known as the English or Shakespearean sonnet, but there are several other types. Sonnet Characteristics Before  William Shakespeare’s day, the word sonnet could be applied to any short lyric poem. In Renaissance Italy and then in Elizabethan England, the sonnet became a fixed poetic form, consisting of 14 lines, usually  iambic  pentameter in English. Different types of sonnets evolved in the different languages of the poets writing them, with variations in rhyme scheme and metrical pattern. But all sonnets have a two-part thematic structure, containing a problem and solution, question and answer, or proposition and reinterpretation within their 14 lines and a volta, or turn, between the two parts. Sonnets share these characteristics: Fourteen lines:  All sonnets have 14 lines, which can be broken down into four sections called quatrains.A strict rhyme scheme:  The rhyme scheme of a Shakespearean sonnet, for example, is ABAB / CDCD / EFEF / GG (note the four distinct sections in the rhyme scheme).Written in  iambic  pentameter: Sonnets are written in  iambic pentameter, a poetic meter with 10 beats per line made up of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables. A sonnet can be broken into four sections called quatrains. The first three quatrains contain four lines each and use an alternating rhyme scheme. The final quatrain consists of just two lines, which both rhyme. Each quatrain should progress the poem as follows: First quatrain:  This should establish the subject of the sonnet.Number  of lines: four; rhyme scheme: ABABSecond quatrain:  This should develop the sonnet’s theme.Number  of lines: four; rhyme scheme: CDCDThird quatrain:  This should round off the sonnet’s theme.Number  of lines: four; rhyme scheme: EFEFFourth quatrain:  This should act as a conclusion to the sonnet.Number  of lines: two; rhyme scheme: GG Sonnet Form The original form of the sonnet was the Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, in which 14 lines are arranged in an octet (eight lines) rhyming  ABBA ABBA and a sestet (six lines) rhyming either CDECDE or CDCDCD. The English or Shakespearean sonnet came later, and, as noted, is made of three quatrains rhyming ABAB CDCD EFEF and a closing rhymed heroic couplet, GG. The Spenserian  sonnet  is a variation developed by Edmund Spenser in which the quatrains are linked by their rhyme scheme: ABAB BCBC CDCD EE. Since its introduction into English in the 16th century, the 14-line sonnet form has remained relatively stable, proving itself a flexible container for all kinds of poetry, long enough that its images and symbols can carry detail rather than becoming cryptic or abstract, and short enough to require a distillation of poetic thought. For more extended poetic treatment of a single theme, some poets have written sonnet cycles, a series of sonnets on related  issues often addressed to a single person. Another form is the sonnet crown, a sonnet series linked by repeating the last line of one sonnet in the first line of the  next until the circle is closed by using the first line of the first sonnet as the last line of the last sonnet. The Shakespearean Sonnet The most well-known and important sonnets in the English language were written by Shakespeare. These sonnets cover such themes as love, jealousy, beauty, infidelity, the passage of time, and death. The first 126 sonnets are addressed to a young man while the last 28 are addressed to a woman. The sonnets are constructed with three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and one couplet (two lines) in the meter of iambic pentameter (like his plays). By the third  couplet,  the sonnets usually take a turn, and the poet comes to some kind of epiphany or teaches the reader a lesson of some sort. Of the 154 sonnets Shakespeare wrote, a few stand out. A Summers Day Sonnet 18 is probably the most well known of all of Shakespeares sonnets: Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmd;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or natures changing course, untrimmd;But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou owst;Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst;So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. This sonnet best exemplifies the three-quatrain-and-one-couplet model, as well as the iambic pentameter meter. While many people assumed Shakespeare was addressing a woman, he is, in fact,  addressing the Fair Youth. He compares the young man to the beauty of a summers day, and just as the day and seasons change, so to do humans, and while the Fair Youth will eventually age and die, his beauty will be remembered forever in this sonnet. Dark Lady Sonnet 151 is about the  Dark Lady, the object of the poets desire, and is more overtly sexual: Love is too young to know what conscience is;Yet who knows not, conscience is born of love?Then, gentle cheater, urge not my amiss,Lest guilty of my faults thy sweet  self prove.For thou betraying me, I do betrayMy nobler part to my gross bodys treason;My soul doth tell my body that he mayTriumph in love; flesh stays no farther reason,But rising at thy name, doth point out theeAs his triumphant prize. Proud of this pride,He is contented thy poor drudge to be,To stand in thy affairs, fall by thy side.No want of conscience hold it that I callHer love, for whose dear love I rise and fall. In this  sonnet,  Shakespeare first asks the Dark Lady to not admonish him for his sin, as she is also sinning with him and the Fair Youth. He then speaks to how he feels betrayed by his own body because he is merely following his base instincts, which have enslaved him to Dark Lady.

Essay on The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Alicia Rodgers HSA 505 – Health Services Planning and Marketing Dr. Gwendolyn Francavillo October 23, 2011 Abstract There have many attempts to reconstruct our nation’s health care system. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, better known as Health Care Reform, is a federal law that was passed on March 23, 2010. This statute was passed in order to guarantee medical care and insurance coverage to all Americans; reduce costs of coverage; and increase quality of care (Stoleberg amp; Pear, 2010). This paper will determine how health care reform will affect market and non-market driven decisions. Within this topic I will describe how I will implement a strategic plan that†¦show more content†¦In the event that this new law will take effect or not, I would start preparing my organization for action. In preparing a strategic plan to incorporate and implement this new law, my first approach would be to aim strictly for success for my organization by identifying my target customers and continuing to communicate to current consumers. That involves setting my goals and mission. I w ould push for a more market-driven plan. That means accessing the needs of my organization and directing my attention to the ones that are most needed by using the S.W.O.T analysis (Berkowitz, 2011). Discuss how each of the five environmental forces will be affected by the new law, which you believe will be the most affected and why. According to Berkowitz (2011), â€Å"all marketing strategies are developed within the context of a broader environmental perspective.† The five environmental forces include regulatory, social, technological, economic, and competitive. Regulatory factors are the forces that include all the legal issues and commitments. 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Problems Facing Tourism and Hospitality Sector in Australia Report

Question: Discuss about theProblems Facing Tourism and Hospitality Sector in Australia Report. Answer: Introduction The chief problem explained in this report is some of the setbacks encountered in the Australian tourism and hospitality market, particularly about concerning quick evolution within the accommodation and air travel sector and the establishment of affordable airfare and an economical variety of hotels in the nation. There is need to mitigate the hiccups faced by this industry since it is one of the major contributors to the country`s economy. As such, I have employed several research sources and materials particularly books and journal articles to identify some of these aspects and the challenges emanating from them. Information Gathering Reasons for the Rapid Growth In the recent past, the aviation and accommodation sectors in the country have experienced tremendous growth and expansion. The aviation industry in Australia is projected to grow at a rate of 4-5% per year (Susan, 2017). The rapid growth of the two sectors is greatly attributed to the remarkable increase in both domestic and international tourism over the past several years. The international tourism to Australia has grown by a yearly average of 12.3% over the 1992-1997 period (Sharma, 2005). He adds that domestic travel in Australia has been growing at a rate of 3% per year. This means that a blend of the two has contributed immensely to the above-experienced growth. However, the growth in the country`s aviation sector has caused increased carbon emissions into the atmosphere due to jet fuel usage, and it may escalate into the near future (Susan, 2017). This is attributed to the high number of tourists using the low-cost carrier services in the nation all year round. This is an env ironmental problem. Although environmental legislation in Australia controls tourism development, it is less efficacious in operational areas due to the reliance on the tourism on environmental resources which are not managed by operators (Carter, 2004). The other evident reason is the low-cost airfare in the nation and the great distances across the country, which requires air transport for convenience. Australia is largely dependent on its air transport industry because of the immense distances across the nation and between urban centres (Panarat, 2014). He further says that due to the deregulation of domestic air travel market in Australia on the 30th October in the year 1990, low-cost carriers have come into the market and the LCC market has occurred in three phases. According to him, low-cost carriers had captivated about 64% of the market by the year 2010. He says that, however, the evolution of the Virgin Australia model of business from a low-cost carrier to a full-service network, starting in 2011, has caused a consequent decline in the low-cost carriers' market share to around 31% currently. He adds that Tiger Airways and Jet Star are the only major carriers currently operating in the market segment. This means that the LCC is facing the threat of being phased out by the full-service networks. The possibility of adverse effects of shifts in consumer demand is also of great concern. The potential for changing consumer demand patterns should concern for the Australian tourism industry (Lisa, 2013). Increased competition in the hotel accommodation industry is another key cause of its boom. Increasingly competitive settings have directed hotel managers` attention on reaping competitive advantage by optimizing the potential of their customer base (Lisa, 2013). She adds that according to findings of a survey of 165 Australian hotel managers, there is evidence that huge, highly market headed hotels with a decentralized structure employ more customer focused and marketing accounting practices. However, this stiff competition is causing the problem of hiked and ever fluctuating prices. Effect of Global Brands on the Local economy There are many worldwide hotel brands which impact either directly or indirectly on the Australian economy. Some of the brands have branches in the country too. The major effect is the creation of competition in the sector, which in turn causes improved services hence increased customer base. This then translates into high earnings thus economic growth. Globalization occurs, and consequently, national economies are integrated into one global economy with share features, and this implies that decisions made in one part of the globe impact other parts too (Andrew Martyn, 2004). They add that it has created opportunities for innovative entrepreneurs to enter the market and compete efficaciously. This has however led to the challenge of relaxed state regulation of the ethics and operations within this industry. Synergies for the Aviation and Accommodation Sectors There has been cooperation between the stakeholders in the two sectors. This is especially evidenced when airline companies, agencies, and tours enter into an agreement with hoteliers to transport their customers to their hotels and lodges. For some outdoor adventure lodges and game lodges, there is a linkage between them and the air transport operators, for instance, a gateway airport (Ralf, 2009). This serves the interests of the stakeholders in both these sectors since it is a win-win business deal. The teamwork is, however, facing the problem of selfish interests among some stakeholders in either or both of the sectors and this has a negative effect on the services provided. Overlap of the Two Sectors It is evident that the two sectors have something in common namely the pricing. Trends in one sector causing alterations in prices impacts the other sector`s prices too. Hotel accommodation is frequently clustered based on different pricing regimes involving airline discounting and supplemented with organized tours among other aspects (Norma, et al., 2004). As such, a fluctuation in the prices in the aviation sector impacts either directly or indirectly on the prices in the accommodation sectors. As a result, this poses the challenge of occasional loses for either of the two sectors New Building Program for Major Hotels In the recent, there has been the emergence of contemporary construction programs concerning key hotels in the country. This is especially in line with the growing industry and change in customer preferences. There is need to affirm the essence of local property markets in the building of hotels (Donald, 2011). The Asian-Pacific region is rising as possessing the greatest tourism growth rate in the world and is a critical part of the Australian hotel industry (Norma, et al., 2004). They go on to say that, with the rising popularity of Australia as a destination attracting overseas travelers and the establishment of the long-haul and considerably low-cost flights on 747 jumbos, there was a significant increase in inbound tourists accompanied by a vast building program involving the building of large, integrated hotels including four-to-five-star accommodation. This means that the modern building program for the large hotels is ideally the above-mentioned stars hotels. The main challen ge here is the expensive nature of executing such programs, which weighs heavily on investors. Emerging Markets for the Australian Tourism Industry The country`s tourism market has been growing and bringing in new customers particularly from outside the nation. This has brought along shifts in the way the sector is organized more so with the high number of international visitors being families coming along with their kids. By the fourth phase, international tourism will have its focus shifting from the beach to non-beach activities like theme parks and shopping at the upmarket (Caryl, et al., 2016). They add that Gold Coast implemented the model and is now the nations` tourist capital. The embrace of these new markets is quite slow and often causes friction in the sector. Brands from Budget to Luxury Not everybody can afford to stay at three-to five-star hotels, and some years back, Accor Group recognized the need for budget accommodation (Gary, et al., 2014). They add that the Group has 180 budget hotels in Australia and New Zealand under the brands of Pullman, MGallery, Sofitel, Grand Mercure, All Seasons, Formule 1, Novotel and Ibis. The hotel sector has recently been dominated by the emergence of budget accommodation market (Stephen, 2012). According to him, motels have come up especially in Australia and have emerged as a present feature of the accommodation sector. However, there have been new forms of accommodation like caravan parks and holiday parks (Stephen, 2012). Budget brand hotels offer a known consistent level standard services and amenities, all of which cannot be matched by independent hotels (Russel Judy, 2010). On the other hand, we have luxury hotels in the country. Peppers Palm Bay is one of the luxury resorts which conceits itself on seclusion, fine food and peace and is accessible only by helicopter (Simon, 2004). There are some other luxury hotels as follows; Cullen Bay in central Australia which charges $ 150 for dinner, Alatai Holiday Apartments, Mantra Esplanade and Feathers Sanctuary among other luxury hotels and resorts (Charles, et al., 2009). Attractions Australia has to offer International visitors Australia has a wide variety of tourism attractions it offers international tourists. This includes exquisite sandy beaches, wild animals, and music festivals like the popular annual Tamworth music festival, mountain hikes and multiple cultural heritages among many other alluring attractions. Conclusion The hospitality and tourism industry in Australia is thriving remarkably, but it faces some challenges which pull down its tremendous milestones this far. Recommendations The following are the recommendations I am suggesting to mitigate the above-noted setbacks in the Australian tourism and hospitality industry. There is need to ensure proper legislation to regulate the prices charged in the accommodation and aviation sectors to promote smooth running of the industry There should be reduced costs and incentives to investors willing and able to venture into the luxury hotel sector to encourage more investing into the expensive yet rewarding venture There should be more tourism promotions and marketing to the international community about the various tourist attractions Australia offers Proper legislation is needed to protect the local investors in these sectors from unfair competition from international ones while promoting quality, affordable and competitive products and services Reference Andrew, C. Martyn, G., 2004. General Studies.: Letts and Lonsdale. Carter, R., 2004. Improving Environmental Performance in the Tourism Accommodation Sector. Journal of Ecotourism, 3(1), pp. 46-68. Caryl, B., Aysin, D. Andrew, L. (ed.), 2016. Off the Plan: The Urbanization of the Gold Coast.: Csiro Publishing. Charles, R., Meg, W., Lindsay, B. Paul, H., 2009. Central Australia: Adelaide to Darwin.: Lonely Planet. Donald, M., 2011. `The Life and Death of Great Hotels: A Building Biography of Sydney`s The Australia`. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(1), pp. 149-163. Gary, A., Steward, A., Sara, D. Philip, K., 2014. Principles of Marketing.: Pearson Australia. Lisa, M., 2013. `Customer Accounting and Marketing Performance Measures in the Hotel Industry: Evidence from Australia`. International Journal of Hospitality Management, Volume 33, pp. 140-152. Lisa, R., 2013. `Responding to Climate Change: Australian Tourism Industry Perspectives on Current Challenges and Future Directions`. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(1-2), pp. 35-51. Norma, D., Gillian, A. Sandra, W. (ed.), 2004. Human Resource Management: International Perspectives in Hospitality and Tourism.: Cengage Learning EMEA. Panarat, S., 2014. `The Evolution of Low-cost Carriers in Australia`. Aviation, 18(4), pp. 203-216. Ralf, B., 2009. Ecotourism: Principles and Practices.: CABI. Russel, A. Judy, S. (ed.), 2010. Strategic Hospitality Leadership: The Asian Initiative. Singapore: Wiley. Sharma, K., 2005. Tourism and Development. New Delhi: Sarup Sons. Simon, S. J., 2004. Beautiful Accommodation in Queensland, Australia.: Invermay Press. Stephen, J., 2012. Tourism Management.: Routledge. Susan, M., 2017. Advancing Toward Alternative Aviation Fuel Production in Australia. Industrial Biotechnology.